Words ending in -llinen- Finnish Vocabulary
Words ending in LLINEN are usually derived from a noun. In this article, I’ve listed words ending in -llinen based on their meaning.
1. Expressing Qualities – Like a Friend, Friendly
The adjectives in this section have been derived a noun which refers to a person. They describe a quality that is normally associated with the noun: they resemble or contain a quality which the noun has.
| Finnish | English | Finnish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| kuningas | king | kuninkaallinen | royal, regal, kingly |
| sotilas | soldier | sotilaallinen | military, warlike, martial |
| jumala | god | jumalallinen | godly, godlike, divine |
| ihminen | human | inhimillinen | humane, human |
| ruhtinas | prince, lord | ruhtinaallinen | princely, majestic, luxurious |
| pakana | heathen, pagan | pakanallinen | heathen, pagan |
| tuttava | acquaintance, friend | tuttavallinen | familiar, intimate |
| nainen | woman | naisellinen | feminine, womanly |
| ylimys | aristocrat | ylimyksellinen | aristocratic |
| lapsi | child | lapsellinen | childish, immature |
| äiti | mother | äidillinen | maternal, motherly |
| sankari | hero | sankarillinen | heroic |
| keisari | emperor | keisarillinen | imperial |
| ritari | knight | ritarillinen | knightly, chivalrous, gallant |
| mestari | master, expert | mestarillinen | masterful |
| porvari | bourgeois (noun) | porvarillinen | bourgeois (adjective) |
| toveri | companion, comrade | toverillinen | companionable, comradely |
| isä | father | isällinen | fatherly, paternal |
| ystävä | friend | ystävällinen | friendly |
| veli | brother | veljellinen | brotherly |
| yksilö | individual | yksilöllinen | individual, individualistic |
| naapuri | neighbor | naapurillinen | neighborly |
| sisar | sister | sisarellinen | sisterly, sororal |
2. Originating from – Belonging to – Pertaining to
| Finnish | English | Finnish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| aakkoset | alphabet | aakkosellinen | alphabetical, alphabetic |
| aate | ideology | aatteellinen | ideological |
| aihe | subject, reason | aiheellinen | justified, justifiable, sound |
| aika | time | ajallinen | temporal |
| aloite | initiative | aloitteellinen | proactive |
| alue | region, area | alueellinen | regional, territorial |
| ammatti | occupation, profession | ammatillinen | occupational, professional |
| armo | mercy, grace | armollinen | merciful, gracious |
| arvoitus | riddle, enigma | arvoituksellinen | mysterious, enigmatic |
| asia | matter, affair | asiallinen | matter-of-fact, appropriate |
| edistys | progress, improvement | edistyksellinen | progressive, innovative |
| ehto | condition, provision | ehdollinen | conditional, provisory |
| elin | organ | elimellinen | organic |
| elo | life, living | elollinen | living, organic |
| eläin | animal | eläimellinen | bestial, beast-like |
| elämys | experience, thrill | elämyksellinen | experiential, memorable |
| ennätys | record (noun) | ennätyksellinen | unparalleled, record (adjective) |
| epäsuosio | unpopularity, disgrace | epäsuosiollinen | unfavorable |
| erhe | error, mistake, fallacy | erheellinen | erroneous, faulty, fallacious |
| esihistoria | prehistory | esihistoriallinen | prehistoric |
| esimerkki | example | esimerkillinen | exemplary, model |
| etu | advantage | edullinen | affordable, advantageous |
| haaste | challenge, dare | haasteellinen | challenging |
| haitta | harm, disadvantage | haitallinen | harmful, detrimental |
| hallinto | administration | hallinnollinen | administrative |
| harmi | annoyance, bummer | harmillinen | regrettable, vexing |
| havainto | observation, perception | havainnollinen | illustrative, demonstrative |
| hedelmä | fruit | hedelmällinen | fertile, fruitful |
| helvetti | hell | helvetillinen | infernal, hellish |
| henki | spirit | hengellinen | spiritual, religious |
| herkku | delicacy, treat | herkullinen | delicious, tasty |
| hermosto | nervous system | hermostollinen | neural, nervous |
| hetki | moment | hetkellinen | momentary |
| historia | history | historiallinen | historical, historic |
| huoli | care, concern | huolellinen | careful, thorough |
| hyve | virtue | hyveellinen | virtuous |
| hyöty | use, benefit | hyödyllinen | useful, beneficial |
| häpeä | shame, disgrace | häpeällinen | shameful, disgraceful |
| ihanne | ideal (noun) | ihanteellinen | ideal (adjective), idealistic |
| ihme | miracle, wonder | ihmeellinen | miraculous, wondrous |
| ilmasto | climate | ilmastollinen | climatical, climatic |
| isänmaa | fatherland, homeland | isänmaallinen | patriotic |
| iva | mockery, sarcasm | ivallinen | sarcastic, sardonic, mocking |
| jako | division | jaollinen | divisible |
| juhla | party, feast | juhlallinen | festive, ceremonious |
| järjestelmä | system | järjestelmällinen | systematic, methodical |
| järjestö | organization | järjestöllinen | organisational |
| järki | sense, reason | järjellinen | rational, reasonable, sensible |
| kansa | nation | kansallinen | national |
| kapina | rebellion, mutiny | kapinallinen | rebellious, mutinous |
| kasvatus | education, upbringing | kasvatuksellinen | educational |
| kauppa | shop, trade, commerce | kaupallinen | commercial, mercantile |
| kemia | chemistry | kemiallinen | chemical |
| kieli | language | kielellinen | linguistic, verbal |
| kiire | hurry, rush | kiireellinen | urgent |
| kirja | book | kirjallinen | written, literary, in writing |
| kirjain | letter | kirjaimellinen | literal |
| kirkko | church | kirkollinen | acclesiastical, churchly |
| kiusa | nuisance, annoyance | kiusallinen | bothersome, awkward |
| koe | experiment, test | kokeellinen | experimental, empirical |
| kokemus | experience | kokemuksellinen | experiential |
| koriste | ornament, decoration | koristeellinen | ornamental, decorative |
| Kristus | Christ | kristillinen | Christrian |
| kunnia | honor, glory | kunniallinen | respectable, honorable |
| kunta | municipality | kunnallinen | municipal |
| kunto | fitness, condition | kunnollinen | decent, proper |
| kuvaus | portrayal, depiction | kuvauksellinen | photogenic, picturesque |
| käsite | concept, notion | käsitteellinen | conceptual, abstract |
| käytäntö | practice, convention | käytännöllinen | practical, functional |
| laatu | quality | laadullinen | qualitative |
| lainsäädäntö | legislation | lainsäädännöllinen | legislative |
| laki | law | laillinen | lawful, legal |
| laskenta | calculation, computation | laskennallinen | computational, arithmetical |
| leikki | game | leikillinen | playful |
| lepo | rest, respite | levollinen | restful, calm |
| liha | flesh, meat | lihallinen | fleshly, carnal, corporeal |
| liika | excess, surplus | liiallinen | excessive, superfluous |
| lohtu | comfort, solace | lohdullinen | comforting |
| loppu | end, ending | lopullinen | final, definitive |
| luonto | nature | luonnollinen | natural |
| lupa | permission, permit | luvallinen | permissible, lawful |
| luottamus | trust, reliance | luottamuksellinen | confidential |
| lääke | medicine | lääkinnällinen | medicinal |
| maa | world, ground | maallinen | worldly, earthly, secular |
| maksu | payment | maksullinen | requiring payment |
| maltti | patience, composure | maltillinen | moderate, level-headed |
| merkitys | meaning, significance | merkityksellinen | meaningful, significant |
| merkki | mark, sigh | merkillinen | peculiar, curious |
| muoto | form, shape | muodollinen | formal |
| murhe | sorrow, grief | murheellinen | tragic, melancholic |
| murre | dialect | murteellinen | dialectal |
| myrkky | poison | myrkyllinen | poisonous |
| määrä | quantity | määrällinen | quantitative |
| nautinto | enjoyment, pleasure | nautinnollinen | enjoyable, satisfying |
| nimi | name | nimellinen | nominal |
| näkemys | view, outlook | näkemyksellinen | visionary |
| oikeus | justice, court | oikeudellinen | legal, judicial |
| ongelma | problem | ongelmallinen | problematic, tough |
| onni | happiness | onnellinen | happy, glad |
| opetus | teaching, education | opetuksellinen | educational, pedagogical |
| otto | intake, uptake | otollinen | favourable, acceptable |
| paikka | place, location | paikallinen | local, native |
| pakko | compulsion, coercion | pakollinen | compulsory, obligatory |
| palkka | wages, pay, salary | palkallinen | salaried, paid, compensable |
| periaate | principle, philosophy | periaatteellinen | principled |
| perintö | inheritance, heritage | perinnöllinen | hereditary, inheritable |
| persoona | person, character | persoonallinen | unique, distinctive, individual |
| peruste | base, ground | perusteellinen | profound, thorough |
| petos | fraud, deceit | petoksellinen | fraudulent |
| piina | torment, agony | piinallinen | torturous, agonizing |
| pilkka | scoff, taut, mock | pilkallinen | mocking, derisive |
| pinta | surface | pinnallinen | superficial, shallow |
| piru | devil, imp | pirullinen | diabolic, fiendish |
| poikkeus | exception, anomaly | poikkeuksellinen | exceptional, different |
| pulma | puzzle, dilemma | pulmallinen | tricky, problematic |
| puolue | political party | puolueellinen | partial, biased |
| puute | lack, shortage | puutteellinen | insufficient, inadequate |
| raamattu | the Bible | raamatullinen | biblical, scriptural |
| raato | carcass, carrion | raadollinen | predatory, unscrupulous |
| raha | money | rahallinen | monetary, fiscal, financial |
| raja | border, limit | rajallinen | limited, finite |
| rakenne | structure, construction | rakenteellinen | structural, constructive |
| rauha | peace | rauhallinen | peaceful, calm |
| ravinto | nutrition, food | ravinnollinen | nutritional |
| rotu | race, breed | rodullinen | racial |
| runo | poem | runollinen | poetic |
| ruumis | body | ruumiillinen | physical, corporal |
| sana | word | sanallinen | verbal, vocal |
| sanasto | vocabulary, lexicon | sanastollinen | lexical |
| seremonia | ceremony | seremoniallinen | ceremonial |
| seura | society, company | seurallinen | sociable, outgoing |
| seutu | region | seudullinen | regional |
| seurakunta | parish, congregation | seurakunnallinen | parochial, congregational |
| sopimus | contract, agreement | sopimuksellinen | contractual |
| sovinto | reconciliation | sovinnollinen | conciliatory |
| suhde | ratio, relation | suhteellinen | relative, proportionate |
| suosio | popularity, favor | suosiollinen | favorable |
| suru | sadness | surullinen | sad |
| suu | mouth | suullinen | oral, verbal |
| suunnitelma | plan, design | suunnitelmallinen | planned, methodical |
| sydän | heart | sydämellinen | heartfelt, cordial |
| synti | sin | synnillinen | sinful |
| syy | guilt | syyllinen | guilty |
| sääntö | rule, regulation | säännöllinen | regular |
| taide | art | taiteellinen | artistic |
| taivas | heaven, sky | taivaallinen | heavenly, divine, ethereal |
| talous | economy | taloudellinen | financial, economic |
| tapa | habit, manner, custom | tavallinen | ordinary, usual, everyday |
| tarkoitus | purpose, intent | tarkoituksellinen | intentional, deliberate |
| tarve | need, necessity | tarpeellinen | necessary, essential |
| tavoite | goal, objective | tavoitteellinen | goal-oriented |
| terveys | health | terveydellinen | sanitary |
| tiede | science | tieteellinen | scientific |
| tilasto | statistic, statistics | tilastollinen | statistical |
| todiste | evidence, proof | todisteellinen | evidentiary, evidential |
| toiminta | action, activity | toiminnallinen | functional, active |
| tolkku | sense, reason | tolkullinen | sensible, reasonable |
| tosiasia | fact | tosiasiallinen | factual, actual |
| tulkinta | interpretation | tulkinnallinen | interpretive, interpretative |
| tulos | result, outcome | tuloksellinen | effective, productive, successful |
| tunne | feeling, emotional | tunteellinen | emotional, sentimental |
| tunnelma | atmosphere | tunnelmallinen | atmospheric, ambient |
| tunto | feel, sense | tunnollinen | diligent, conscientious |
| tuotanto | production | tuotannollinen | productive |
| turva | safety, security | turvallinen | safe, secure |
| tuska | pain, agony | tuskallinen | painful, harrowing |
| tyyppi | type | tyypillinen | typical |
| urheilu | sports, athletics | urheilullinen | sporty, athletic |
| urho | hero | urhoollinen | heroic, valiant |
| usko | faith, trust, belief | uskollinen | faithful, loyal |
| uskonto | religion | uskonnollinen | religious |
| vaara | danger | vaarallinen | dangerous |
| vahinko | harm, damage | vahingollinen | harmful, injurious, detrimental |
| vajaus | deficiency | vajauksellinen | deficient |
| valhe | lie | valheellinen | untruthful, false |
| valtakunta | nation, empire | valtakunnallinen | nationwide, national |
| valtio | state, nation | valtiollinen | state, national |
| vastuu | responsibility | vastuullinen | responsible, accountable |
| velka | debt, indebtedness | velvollinen | obliged, liable, bound |
| vero | tax, taxation | verollinen | taxable, assessable |
| vertauskuva | metaphor, allegory | vertauskuvallinen | symbolic, metaphorical |
| viha | hatred | vihollinen | enemy |
| viihde | entertainment | viihteellinen | entertaining |
| vika | defect, flaw | viallinen | faulty, defective |
| vilppi | deceit, fraud | vilpillinen | deceitful, fraudulent |
| virhe | error, mistake, fault | virheellinen | incorrect, inaccurate |
| virka | office, post, job | virallinen | official, formal |
| väestö | population | väestöllinen | demographical |
| yhteiskunta | society, civilization | yhteiskunnallinen | societal, civic |
| yhteisö | community, society | yhteisöllinen | communal |
| yliopisto | university | yliopistollinen | academic |
| yllätys | surprise | yllätyksellinen | surprising, unexpected |
| yö | night | yöllinen | nightly, nocturnal |
| äly | intellect, intelligence | älyllinen | intellectual, cerebral |
| äänne | speech sound, phone | äänteellinen | phonetic |
| ääri | verge, brim | äärellinen | finite |
3. Expressing Ownership – With Wings, Winged
A fairly large group of words ending in –llinen express that something “has” something, ie. is equipped with something. For example, hampaallinen lintu is a bird which has teeth.
In English, many of these can be expressed using an adjective ending in -ed, such as “winged”, “wired” or “framed”. I have included that translation in many cases in the table below but I’ve opted for also adding a description. This is mostly for the benefit of non-native English speakers.
| Finnish | English | Finnish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| ase | weapon | aseellinen konflikti | a conflict with weapons, “armed” |
| hammas | tooth | hampaallinen lintu | a bird with teeth, “toothed” |
| hapsu | tassel, fringe | hapsullinen matto | a rug with tassels, “fringed” |
| hiha | sleeve | hihallinen aluspaita | an undershirt with sleeves |
| huppu | hood | hupullinen takki | a coat with a hood, “hooded” |
| häntä | tail | hännällinen apina | a monkey with a tail |
| jalka | leg | jalallinen kukkaruukku | a flowerpot with legs |
| kansi | lid | kannellinen laatikko | a box with a lid, “lidded” |
| kehys | frame | kehyksellinen valokuva | a picture with a frame, “framed” |
| korkki | cap, cork | korkillinen pullo | a bottle with a cap |
| korko | intrest | korollinen laina | a loan with interest |
| korko | heel | korollinen kenkä | a shoe with a heel |
| kukka | flower | kukallinen rusetti | a headband with flowers, “flowery” |
| kuva | picture | kuvallinen henkilökortti | an ID with a picture, picture ID |
| kuvio | pattern | kuviollinen tapetti | a wallpaper with patterns, “patterned” |
| lanka | wire, cord | langallinen hiiri | a mouse with a cord, “wired” |
| lava | platform | lavallinen pakettiauto | a van with a platform, flatbed van |
| lukko | lock | lukollinen lääkekaappi | a medicine cabinet with a lock |
| nappi | button | napillinen neuletakki | a cardigan with buttons, “buttoned” |
| olkain | strap | olkaimellinen kesämekko | a summer dress with straps |
| perhe | family | perheellinen mies | a man with a family |
| pilkku | spot | pilkullinen mekko | a dress with polka dots |
| pyörä | wheel | pyörällinen ajoneuvo | a vehicle with wheels |
| raita | stripe | raidallinen paita | a shirt with stripes, “striped” |
| reikä | hole | reiällinen rasia | a box with holes in it |
| ruutu | square | ruudullinen vihko | a checkered paper notebook |
| sanka | handle | sangallinen roskapussi | a trash bag with handles |
| sarvi | horn | sarvellinen eläin | an animal with (a) horn(s), “horned” |
| sauma | seam | saumallinen sukka | a sock with seams |
| seinä | wall | seinällinen katos | a shelter with walls |
| siipi | wing | siivellinen hyönteinen | an insect with wings, “winged” |
| täyte | filling | täytteellinen piirakka | a pie with filling, “filled” |
| vesileima | watermark | vesileimallinen paperi | a paper with a watermark, “watermarked” |
| varsi | shaft, stalk | varrellinen harja | a brush with a handle |
| viiva | line | viivallinen paperi | a paper with lines, “lined” |
| väri | color | värillinen kuva | a picture with color, “colored” |
4. Expressing Quantities – A Spoonful of Sugar
One other common derivation type of words ending in -llinen is related to amounts. We can add -llinen to words that are a type of “container” (such as a glass, a plate or a can). By doing so, you can express quantities. The word lasi means “glass”, while the word lasillinen means “a glass full of”.
These words ending in -llinen generally express quantities which are “as much as the container will hold”. It’s hard to describe this phenomenon, but the examples below hopefully help clear up any confusion.
| Finnish | English | Finnish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| arkku | chest | arkullinen rahaa | a chest/trunk full (of money) |
| astia | dish | astiallinen vettä | a potful/dishful (of water) |
| autokuorma | car load | autokuormallinen kiviä | a carload/truckload (of stones) |
| hylly | shelf | hyllyllinen kirjoja | a shelf full (of books) |
| kannu | jug | kannullinen maitoa | a jugful (of milk) |
| kattila | pot, kettle | kattilallinen puuroa | a kettleful (of porridge) |
| kauha | scoop | kauhallinen keittoa | a scoopful (of soup) |
| kippo | cup | kipollinen vettä | a cupful (of water) |
| kori | basket | korillinen hedelmiä | a basketful (of fruit) |
| korkki | cap | korkillinen lääkettä | a capful (of medicine) |
| koura | hand, grab | kourallinen ihmisiä | a handful (of people) |
| kulho | bowl | kulhollinen kirsikoita | a bowlful (of cherries) |
| kuorma | load | kuormallinen hiekkaa | a loadful (of sand) |
| kuppi | cup | kupillinen keittoa | a cupful (of soup) |
| laatikko | box | laatikollinen leluja | a boxful (of toys) |
| laivalasti | shipload | laivalastillinen | a shipload/boatful (of animals) |
| lasi | glass | lasillinen viiniä | a glassful (of wine) |
| lautanen | plate | lautasellinen juustoja | a plateful (of cheeses) |
| luokka | class | luokallinen lapsia | a class full (of children) |
| lusikka | spoon | lusikallinen sokeria | a spoonful (of sugar) |
| mappi | folder, file | mapillinen kirjeitä | a folder full (of letters) |
| muki | mug | mukillinen kahvia | a mugful (of coffee) |
| paketti | packet | paketillinen kahvia | a packet full (of coffee) |
| pannu | pot, kettle | pannullinen kahvia | a pot (of coffee) |
| pata | pot | padallinen puuroa | a potful (of porridge) |
| pikari | goblet | pikarillinen viiniä | a goblet full (of wine) |
| pullo | bottle | pullollinen | a bottleful (of water) |
| purkki | jar, can | purkillinen persikoita | a jarful, canful (of peaches) |
| pussi | bag | pussillinen omenoita | a bagful (of apples) |
| rasia | box, carton | rasiallinen suklaita | a boxful (of chocolates) |
| rekka | truck | rekallinen sotilaita | a truck full (of soldiers) |
| reppu | backpack | repullinen kirjoja | a backpack full (of books) |
| ruokalusikka | tablespoon | ruokalusikallinen voita | a tablespoon full (of butter) |
| saavi | tub, vat | saavillinen marjoja | a tubful/bucketful (of berries) |
| syli | lap | sylillinen kukka | a lapful/armful (of flowers) |
| säkki | sack | säkillinen perunoita | a sackful (of potatoes) |
| teelusikka | teaspoon | teelusikallinen suolaa | a teaspoonful (of salt) |
| tuoppi | pint, tankard | tuopillinen olutta | a pint (of beer) |
| tynnyri | barrel, keg | tynnyrillinen rommia | a barrelful (of rum) |
| tölkki | can | tölkillinen pinaattia | a canful (of spinach) |
| vati | dish, tray | vadillinen vettä | a dishful (of water) |
| ämpäri | bucket | ämpärillinen vettä | a bucketful (of water) |
| sanko | bucket | sangollinen vettä | a bucketful (of water) |
5. Nouns Ending in LLINEN
A small section of words ending in -llinen are nouns rather than adjectives
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| ehtoollinen | holy communion |
| illallinen | evening meal |
| kapinallinen | rebel |
| koillinen | northeast |
| osallinen | participant, accomplice, involved party |
| perillinen | heir |
| pohjallinen | insole (of shoe) |
| päivällinen | supper, dinner, midday meal |
| päällinen | covering, coating |
| sivullinen | bystander |
| syyllinen | culprit, guilty person |
| velallinen | debtor |
| vihollinen | enemy |
6. Unclear Derivation
Generally, adjectives ending in -llinen have a clear noun as a root word. It’s easy to find and recognise the root word. Sometimes, however, the relation isn’t as clear – or the root word isn’t a noun. The following table contains a selection of such words.
| Finnish | English | Finnish | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Probably derived from adjectives | |||
| eri | different, other | erillinen | separate |
| kelpo | decent, proper, valid | kelvollinen | suitable, eligible |
| syvä | deep (often concrete) | syvällinen | profound, deep (abstract) |
| terve | healthy (e.g. person) | terveellinen | healthy (e.g. food) |
| tosi | true, real | todellinen | real, actual |
| täysi | full | täydellinen | perfect |
| kade | envious, jealous (rare) | kateellinen | envious, jealous |
| rehti | honest, straight (rare) | rehellinen | honest, truthful |
| irti | loose (not tight) | irrallinen | loose, unattached, separate |
| Probably derived from verbs | |||
| alkaa | to begin, to start | alkeellinen | rudimentary, primitive |
| kärsiä | to bear, endure, suffer | kärsivällinen | patient, tolerant |
| mahtaa | to wonder if possible | mahdollinen | possible |
| olla | to be | oleellinen | essential, important |
| tahtoa | to desire, want, wish | tahallinen | intentional, deliberate |
| täsmätä | to add up, match | täsmällinen | punctual, exact, precise |
| Probably derived from other wordtypes | |||
| esi- | pre- | edellinen | previous |
| yli | over, beyond | ylellinen | luxurious, magnificent |
| kiitos | thanks | kiitollinen | grateful, thankful |
| äkkiä | suddenly | äkillinen | suden, abrupt |
| Unclear derivation | |||
| ? | ? | kohtuullinen | reasonable, moderate |
| ? | ? | säntillinen | meticulous, precise |
If this topic interests you, I suggest you also read this Finnish article on the topic. It raises several interesting points which I haven’t included here.
For other adjective derivations, check out my article about the derivational suffix -mainen/mäinen!





Hyvää juhannusta.