Toinen Toisiaan Toisemme Toisillenne – Pronoun “Toinen”
This article gives you information about how the pronoun toinen is used. We’re starting with the most difficult usage and moving from there to easier meanings. I decided to go with this approach because it’s most likely someone will end up on this page looking for the hardest part.
- Resiprookkipronomini “each other”
- Reciprocal pronoun toinen in the plural
- Examples of the reciprocal pronoun toinen in the plural
- Reciprocal pronoun toinen plural vs. singular
- Reciprocal pronoun toinen in the singular
- Different versions of the same phrase
- More random examples
- Toinen used to mean “second”
- Toinen used to mean “other, another”
- Toinen ja toinen “one and the other”
1. Resiprookkipronomini “each other”
Toinen is often used as a “reciprocal pronoun”. This is a fancy turn to say that it expresses a reciprocal (mutual) relationship between two or more people or things. In English, you would use the words “each other” or “one another”. In Finnish, you use the word toinen (inflected in the right case) with a possessive suffix.
Finnish | English |
---|---|
Me rakastamme toisiamme. | We love each other. |
Te tunnette toisenne. | You know each other. |
He pitävät toisistaan. | They like each other. |
1.1. Reciprocal pronoun toinen in the plural
Because we’re dealing with more than one person, we will be using the plural possessive suffixes. Of these three, -mme and -nne are unproblematic. The third person plural’s possessive suffix is harder because we have both -nsa and Vn (V for “vowel”). Please read more about this here if you’re uncertain about this.
Muoto | Me | Te | He |
---|---|---|---|
T-plural | toisemme | toisenne | toisensa |
Partitive | toisiamme | toisianne | toisiaan |
Genitive | toistemme | toistenne | toistensa |
Missä | toisissamme | toisissanne | toisissaan |
Mistä | toisistamme | toisistanne | toisistaan |
Mihin | toisiimme | toisiinne | toisiinsa |
Millä | toisillamme | toisillanne | toisillaan |
Miltä | toisiltamme | toisiltanne | toisiltaan |
Mille | toisillemme | toisillenne | toisilleen |
1.2. Examples of the reciprocal pronoun toinen in the plural
The table below contains some examples to help you grasp how the word toinen works in the me, te and he forms. Please read more about the two possible suffixes (-nsa and -Vn) for the third person here if you’re uncertain about this.
Below, you can find the explanation for why a certain case has been used. Often, we’re dealing with a verb rection.
Table one:
- The T-plural is used because it’s the total plural object. Compare this to “Me tunnemme nuo miehet” (We know those men).
- The plural partitive is used because rakastaa is a partitive verb. Compare this to “Me rakastamme noita miehiä” (We love those men).
- The plural genitive is used because luona is a postposition. Compare this to “Me käymme usein noiden miesten luona” (We often visit those men).
T-plural | Plural partitive | Plural genitive |
---|---|---|
Me tunnemme toisemme. | Me rakastamme toisiamme. | Me käymme usein toistemme luona. |
Te tunnette toisenne. | Te rakastatte toisianne. | Te käytte usein toistenne luona. |
He tuntevat toisensa. | He rakastavat toisiaan. | He käyvät usein toistensa luona. |
Table two:
- The plural mihin form is used because tutustua requires the illative case. Compare this to the sentence “Me tutustumme miehiin” (We get to know the men) and “Minä tutustuin sinuun” (I got to know you).
- The plural missä form is used because you see the good in someone, using the inessive case. For example, “Minä näen hyvää sinussa” means “I see the good in you”.
- The plural mistä is used because pitää requires the elative case. This is the case, for example, in the sentences “Me pidämme sinusta” (We like you) and “Antti pitää Saarasta” (Antti likes Saara).
Plural illative (mihin) | Plural inessive (-ssa) | Plural elative (-sta) |
---|---|---|
Me tutustumme toisiimme. | Me näemme hyvää toisissamme. | Me pidämme toisistamme. |
Te tutustutte toisiinne. | Te näette hyvää toisissanne. | Te pidätte toisistanne. |
He tutustuvat toisiinsa. | He näkevät hyvää toisissaan. | He pitävät toisistaan. |
Table three:
- The plural mille form is used because valehdella requires the allative case. Compare this to the sentences “Me valehtelemme kaikille” (We lie to everyone) and “Me valehtelemme Antille” (We lie to Antti).
- The plural millä form is used because you visit people “at” their place, using the adessive case. Compare this to the sentences “Antti käy meillä kylässä” (Antti visits at our place) and “Me käymme Antilla kylässä” (we visit Antti at his place).
- The plural miltä form is used because you steal something from a person. When “from” is used to refer to people, you need the ablative case. See for example “Varastin lelun lapsilta” (I stole the toy from the children) and “Varastin kirjeen poliisilta” (I stole a letter from the police).
Plural allative (-lle) | Plural adessive (-lla) | Plural ablative (-lta) |
---|---|---|
Me valehtelemme toisillemme. | Me käymme toisillamme kylässä. | Me varastimme toisiltamme. |
Te valehtelette toisillenne. | Te käytte toisillanne kylässä. | Te varastitte toisiltanne. |
He valehtelevat toisilleen. | He käyvät toisillaan kylässä. | He varastivat toisiltaan. |
1.3. Reciprocal pronoun toinen plural vs. singular
While, in the previous section, I’ve used the plural form of toinen in all the examples, there are in fact three ways to use toinen to mean “each other” or “one another”. There is no difference in meaning between these three options but the first is probably the most common:
- “Rakastamme toisiamme“: As seen above, we can use the plural form of the pronoun toinen in combination with a possessive suffix. We can use the possessive suffix -mme for “we”, -nne for the plural “you” and -nsa/-Vn for the plural “they”. Singular forms can’t be used because we’re talking about at least two people.
- “Rakastamme toinen toistamme“: We can use the pronoun toinen twice in the sentence. In this case, the first occurence of toinen will be in its basic form and the second one will be inflected in the singular with a possessive suffix.
- “Rakastamme toinen toisiamme“: It’s also possible to use the pronoun toinen twice: once in the basic form and once in the plural inflected form with a possessive suffix.
1.4. Reciprocal pronoun toinen in the singular
In order to say “each other” or “one another”, we can also use the pronoun toinen twice. The first iteration of the word will always appear in the basic form, while the second will be inflected in the singular forms with a possessive suffix. Please read more about the two possible suffixes (-nsa and -Vn) for the third person here if you’re uncertain about this.
Muoto | Me | Te | He |
---|---|---|---|
T-plural | toinen toisemme | toinen toisenne | toinen toisensa |
Partitive | toinen toistamme | toinen toistanne | toinen toistaan |
Genitive | toinen toisemme | toinen toisenne | toinen toisensa |
Missä | toinen toisessamme | toinen toisessanne | toinen toisessaan |
Mistä | toinen toisestamme | toinen toisestanne | toinen toisestaan |
Mihin | toinen toiseemme | toinen toiseenne | toinen toiseensa |
Millä | toinen toisellamme | toinen toisellanne | toinen toisellaan |
Miltä | toinen toiseltamme | toinen toiseltanne | toinen toiseltaan |
Mille | toinen toisellemme | toinen toisellenne | toinen toiselleen |
Some examples:
Finnish | English |
---|---|
Autamme [toinen toistamme]. | We help one another. |
Auttakaa [toinen toistanne]! | Help one another! |
He eivät auttaneet [toinen toistaan]. | They didn’t help one another. |
Emme pidä [toinen toisestamme]. | We don’t like one another. |
Pidättekö [toinen toisestanne]? | Do you like one another? |
He pitävät [toinen toisestaan]. | They like one another. |
Tunnemme [toinen toisemme]. | We know one another. |
Tunnette [toinen toisenne] varmasti. | You definitely know one another. |
He eivät tunne [toinen toisensa]. | They don’t know one another. |
Annoimme lahjoja [toinen toisellemme]. | We gave presents to one another. |
Ette antaneet lahjoja [toinen toisellenne]. | You didn’t give presents to one another. |
Antoivatko he lahjoja [toinen toiselleen]? | Did they give presents to one another? |
1.5. Different versions of the same phrase
Above, I’ve introduced you to two of the ways to use toinen as a reciprocal pronoun meaning “each other” or “one another”. The table below displays the different for a single phrase to be used as such. Please read more about the two possible suffixes (-nsa and -Vn) for the third person here if you’re uncertain about this.
In this first table, the verb auttaa is a partitive verb, so we’re using the partitive form of the word toinen.
Finnish | Explanation |
---|---|
He auttavat toisiaan. | toinen in the plural partitive + possessive suffix –An |
He auttavat toisiansa. | toinen in the plural partitive + possessive suffix –nsA |
He auttavat [toinen toistaan]. | toinen + toinen in the singular partitive + possessive suffix –An |
He auttavat [toinen toistansa]. | toinen + toinen in the singular partitive + possessive suffix –nsA |
He auttavat [toinen toisiaan]. | toinen + toinen in the plural partitive + possessive suffix –An |
He auttavat [toinen toisiansa]. | toinen + toinen in the plural partitive + possessive suffix –An |
The following table contains the same phrases, but now with the verb pitää, which requires the elative case (-sta).
Finnish | Explanation |
---|---|
He pitävät toisistaan. | toinen in the plural elative + possessive suffix –An |
He pitävät toisistansa. | toinen in the plural elative + possessive suffix –nsA |
He pitävät [toinen toisestaan]. | toinen + toinen in the singular elative + possessive suffix –An |
He pitävät [toinen toisestansa]. | toinen + toinen in the singular elative + possessive suffix –nsA |
He pitävät [toinen toisistaan]. | toinen + toinen in the plural elative + possessive suffix –An |
He pitävät [toinen toisistansa]. | toinen + toinen in the plural elative + possessive suffix –An |
1.6. More random examples
Finnish | English |
---|---|
Meidän tulisi rakastaa toisiamme. | We ought to love [each other]. |
Emme näe toisiamme usein. | We don’t see [each other] often. |
Me huolehdimme toisistamme. | We take care of [each other]. |
Laitteet eivät eroa toisistaan. | The devices don’t differ [from each other]. |
Tunnetteko toisenne? | Do you know [each other]? |
Onneksi meillä on toisemme. | Luckily we have [each other]. |
Missä te tutustuitte toisiinne? | Where did you meet [each other]? |
Miten aineet vaikuttavat toisiinsa? | How do the substances affect [each other]? |
Mitä arvostatte toisissanne? | What do you value [in each other]? |
Hyllyt ovat kiinni toisissaan. | The shelves are attached to [one another]. |
Tiedän, että valehtelette toisillenne. | I know you lie [to each other]. |
He kirjoittavat toisilleen kirjeitä. | They write letters [to each other]. |
Meidät on tarkoitettu toisillemme. | We are meant [for each other]. |
Antakaa toisillenne anteeksi! | Forgive [each other]! |
Puhukaa toisillenne totta! | Speak the truth [to each other]! |
He saavat toisiltaan vertaistukea. | They get peer support [from each other]. |
Voimme oppia paljon toisiltamme. | We can learn a lot [from each other]. |
Tunnistakaa toistenne vahvuuksia! | Recognize [each other’s] strengths! |
Rukoilemme [toistemme puolesta]. | We pray [for one another]. |
Kaverit luottavat [toistensa tukeen]. | The friends trust [in each other’s support]. |
2. Toinen used to mean “second”
First, toinen can be used as an ordinal number that means “second” (i.e. ensimmäinen, toinen, kolmas, neljäs). We can inflect it depending in all the Finnish cases. I haven’t included all cases in the table below. Rather, I’ve focused on some examples where the usage of the case is likely to be familiar to intermediate students.
Case | Finnish | English |
---|---|---|
Basic | Tämä on jo [toinen kerta]. | This is [the second time] already. |
Basic | Anja on [hänen toinen vaimonsa]. | Anja is [his second wife]. |
Basic | Saara on [minun toinen lapseni]. | Saara is [my second child]. |
Basic | Olen syntynyt [toinen tammikuuta]. | I was born [the second of January]. |
Basic | [Toinen maailmansota] oli hirveä. | [The second world war] was terrible. |
Genitive | Ari syntyi [toisen maailmansodan aikana]. | Ari was born [during the second world war]. |
Genitive | [Toisen kerroksen asunto] on vapaana. | [The second floor’s apartment] is vacant. |
Genitive | Hän on [toisen vuoden opiskelija]. | He’s [a second year’s student]. |
Partitive | En lukenut kirjan [toista kappaletta]. | I didn’t read the book’s [second chapter]. |
Partitive | Ari syntyi [ennen toista maailmansotaa]. | Ari was born [before the second world war]. |
Missä | [Toisessa lauseessa] on virhe. | There’s a mistake [in the second sentence]. |
Missä | Asun [toisessa kerroksessa]. | I live [on the second floor]. |
Mihin | Muutan [toiseen kerrokseen]. | I’m moving [to the second floor]. |
Mihin | Osaatko vastata [toiseen kysymykseen]? | Can you answer [to the second question]? |
Mistä | Käänny [toisesta risteyksestä] oikealle. | Turn right [from the second intersection]. |
Millä | [Toisella sivulla] on runo. | There’s a poem [on the second page]. |
Millä | Saara onnistui [toisella yrityksellään]. | Saara succeeded [on her second try]. |
Transl. | Kilpailussa Ari [tuli toiseksi]. | In the competition, Ari [came in second]. |
3. Toinen used to mean “other, another”
The difference between toinen used to mean “second” vs. to mean “another” is dependent on the context. Sometimes you can’t tell for sure but in these cases it hardly matters. Just like above, I’m giving a couple of examples for the most familiar cases an intermediate student might know.
Case | Finnish | English |
---|---|---|
Basic | Ota [toinen keksi]! | Take [another cookie]! |
Basic | Etsitään [jokin toinen paikka]! | Let’s search [for some other place]! |
Basic | [Toinen bussi] ei tullut. | [The other bus] didn’t come. |
Basic | Kerron lisää [joku toinen kerta]. | I’ll tell more [some other time]. |
Genitive | Otin [toisen keksin]. | I took [another cookie]. |
Genitive | Se on [toisen opiskelijan] kansio. | It’s [another student’s] folder. |
Genitive | Aiheutin vahingon toisen omaisuudelle. | I caused damage to the property [of another]. |
Partitive | En halua [toista keksiä]. | I don’t want [another cookie]. |
Partitive | En löydä [toista kenkääni]. | I can’t find [my other shoe]. |
Partitive | En voi koskaan saada [toista lasta]. | I can never have [another child]. |
T-plural | [Toiset naiset] nauroivat Leenalle. | [The other women] laughed at Leena. |
Missä | Ari asuu [toisessa kaupungissa]. | Ari lives [in another city]. |
Mihin | Muutin [toiseen asuntoon]. | I moved [to another apartment]. |
Mihin | Siirrä potilas [toiseen sairaalaan]! | Move the patient [to another hospital]! |
Millä | Paperin [toisella puolella] on tahra. | There’s a stain on the paper’s [other side]. |
Millä | Asun kadun [toisella puolella]. | I live [on the other side] of the street. |
Miltä | Tulen [toiselta puolelta] maailmaa. | I come [from the other side] of the world. |
Miltä | Olen kotoisin [toiselta planeetalta]. | I’m [from another planet]. |
Mille | Ari antoi lahjan [toiselle opiskelijalle]. | Ari gave a gift [to the other student]. |
PL part | Älä katso [toisia naisia]! | Don’t look [at other women]! |
PL part | Haluan auttaa [toisia ihmisiä]. | I want to help [other people]. |
PL gen | Tykkään olla [toisten ihmisten] kanssa. | I like to be with [other people]. |
PL ines | [Toisissa kouluissa] on paremmat tilat. | There are better facilities [in other schools]. |
PL ines | [Toisissa maissa] ei ole aavikkoja. | There are no deserts [in the other countries]. |
PL ines | Mikä ärsyttää sinua [toisissa ihmisissä]? | What annoys you [in other people]? |
PL ines | [Noissa toisissa taloissa] on toimistoja. | There are offices [in those other houses]. |
PL illat | Pomo määräsi minut [toisiin tehtäviin]. | The boss assigned me [to other tasks]. |
PL illat | Monet pakenivat [toisiin maihin]. | Many fled [to other countries]. |
PL illat | Älä vertaile itseäsi toisiin! | Don’t compare yourself [to others]! |
PL allat | Annoin lahjoja [toisille oppilaille]. | I gave gifts [to the other pupils]. |
PL allat | Puhun aina totuutta toisille. | I always tell the truth [to others]. |
4. Toinen ja toinen – “One and the other”
In English, when comparing two things that differ in one way, you often say “One is [insert quality] and the other is [insert quality]. In Finnish, you will use the word toinen twice, literally making the sentence “The other is [insert quality] and the other is [insert quality].
Minulla on kaksi koiraa. Toinen on valkoinen ja toinen musta.
Translation: I have two dogs. One is white and the other black.
Case used: nominative (basic form)
Muistan kaksi vitsiä. Toinen on hauskempi kuin toinen.
Translation: I remember two jokes. One is funnier than the other.
Case used: nominative (basic form).
Minulla on kaksi kissaa. Toisella on valkoinen häntä ja toisella musta häntä.
Translation: I have two cats. One has a white tail and the other has a black tail.
Case used: adessive (-lla), because this is a “minulla on” (I have) type of sentence.
Olen ostanut kaksi mekkoa. Toista aion käyttää töissä ja toista kotona.
Translation: I have bought two dresses. One I plan on wearing at work and the other at home.
Case used: partitive, because käyttää is a partitive verb.
Minulla on kaksi asuntoa. Toisessa asun kesäisin ja toisessa talvisin.
Translation: I have two apartments. In one I live during the summer and in the other during the winter.
Case used: inessive (-ssa), because you live in an apartment
Avaan molemmat laatikot. Toisessa laatikossa on nalle ja toisessa legoja.
Translation: I open both boxes. In one box there’s a teddy bear and in the other legos.
Case used: inessive (-ssa), because the toys are in the boxes.
Ostin kaksi juomaa. Toisessa on enemmän sokeria kuin toisessa.
Translation: I bought two drinks. In one there is more sugar than in the other.
Case used: inessive (-ssa), because the sugar is in the drinks.
Kotiini pääsee kahdella bussilla. Toisessa on yleensä enemmän väkeä kuin toisessa.
Translation: You can get to my home with two buses. There are usually more people in one than the other.
Case used: inessive (-ssa), because the people are in the buses.
Minulla on kaksi kuppia. Toisesta juon kahvia ja toisesta teetä.
Translation: I have two cups. Out of one I drink coffee and other of the other tea.
Case used: elative (-sta), because you drink out of a cup.
Täytän lasit. Toiseen kaadan vettä ja toiseen maitoa.
Translation: I fill the glasses. Into one I pour water and into the other milk.
Case used: illative (mihin), because you’re pouring the liquids into the glasses.
Ostin kahdet kengät. Toiset ovat punaiset ja toiset ruskeat.
Translation: I bought two pairs of shoes. One pair is red and the other brown.
Case used: T-plural, because we’re talking about a pair of shoes rather than just one shoe.
Read more from other sources
- Kielikello: Luottavatko he toisiinsa, toinen toiseensa vai toinen tosiinsa?
- KOTUS: Pronominit: toisilleen, toinen toiselleen vai toinen toisilleen?
- VISK: Milloin toinen on resiprookkipronomini?
- VISK: Vaihtoehdot toisiaan, toistaan ja toinen toistaan
For the third usage, is it possible to replace toinen with muu in plural? For instance, are those sentences equivalent?
Älä katso toisia naisia!
Älä katso muita naisia!
Regarding the fourth usage, I encountered this toinen ja toinen construction before but it’s the first time I see it explained explicitly! For me it always felt weird that when comparing two things in Finnish the first word is toinen, which also means other. However, is it possible to replace the first toinen with some other word? I found such a sentence in Selkosanomat:
Jotkut kirjat luen tarkkaan, toiset vain selaan nopeasti.
Is it correct? That jotkut seems a bit strange though, I would rather expect jotkin. As far as I know, the pronoun joku is only used for people, at least in the written language.
1. “Älä katso muita naisia” IS possible but it can carry the small connotation that we’re talking of a specific group of women, for example at a party or something. I suppose it’s similar to “don’t watch the other women” rather than “don’t watch other women”.
2. “Jotkut kirjat luen tarkkaan, toiset vain selaan nopeasti.” is “some books… while others”. At least stereotypically, you sentence doesn’t contain a specific group of books, as would be true for “toiset ja toiset“.
If we want to be 100% correct, this sentence should have jotkin, yes. However, I think that, at some point in the future, “Suomen kielen lautakunta” will change the rule and say that both are equally correct.
So in the first case toisia refers to some indefinite group (as opposed to muita), while in the toiset ja toiset phrase toiset is about something specific?
Hehe, yes, I guess so.